
The Roman Empire
Begin with the imperial model that shaped law, citizenship, cities and later political memory.

Compare how empires expand, organise power, reach their height and finally come apart.
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New to the topic? Start with the essentials. Already know the broad story? Follow the route for the turning points, context and consequences that make each step matter.
75 min

Begin with the imperial model that shaped law, citizenship, cities and later political memory.

Follow steppe power as it becomes the largest contiguous land empire in history.

Trace a frontier principality into a long-lived empire connecting Europe, Asia and Africa.

See tribute, religion and urban power at the heart of Mesoamerican imperial rule.

Explore expansion, multiethnic rule and the pressures facing China's last imperial dynasty.

Follow maritime, commercial and industrial power into global empire and decolonisation.

End with a modern superpower unravelling through strain, reform and loss of confidence.
Start with these figure pages to follow the people, rulers and decision-makers behind the route.

He won Rome's civil wars by outmanoeuvring everyone who tried to destroy him — then spent the next forty years pretending he hadn't changed anything.

He was born Temujin on the Mongolian steppe, survived exile and betrayal, united rival clans through discipline and reward, and founded the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in history.

He ruled the Ottoman Empire at the height of its power, expanding from Hungary to Iraq while shaping law, court culture and imperial identity.

He ruled Tenochtitlan at the height of Mexica power, faced Hernan Cortes and his Indigenous allies in 1519, and died as Spanish invasion turned imperial strength into sudden crisis.
A compact index for the wider cast connected to these stories.
35 figures

First Roman emperor
63 BC–14

Founder of the Mongol Empire
1162–1227

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
1494–1566

Aztec emperor
1466–1520

Roman emperor
53–117

Roman emperor
37–68

Roman emperor
244–311

First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity
272–337
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